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CHAPTER 2. THE SIMPLE PRESENT OF VERBS OTHER THAN THE VERB TO BE
1. Formation of the simple present
The Simple Present of any verb other than the verb to be is formed from the bare infinitive of the verb. As shown in the following examples, the bare infinitive of a verb consists of the infinitive without the word to. The bare infinitive is the form in which English verbs are usually listed in dictionaries. For example:
| Infinitive | Bare Infinitive |
| to be | be |
| to walk | walk |
| to work | work |
In the Simple Present of verbs other than the verb to be, the form of the verb used with the subjects I , you, we and they is the same as the bare infinitive. The form of the verb used with the subjects he, she and it has the ending s added to the bare infinitive.
For example, the Simple Present of the verb to work is conjugated as follows:
| I work |
| you work |
| he works |
| she works |
| it works |
| we work |
| they work |
The form of the verb used with the subjects he, she and it is generally referred to as the third person singular.
See Exercise 1.
1a. The simple present of the verb To Have
The Simple Present of the verb to have is slightly irregular, since the bare infinitive is have, whereas the form of the verb used in the third person singular is has. The Simple Present of the verb to have is conjugated as follows:
| I have |
| you have |
| he has |
| she has |
| it has |
| we have |
| they have |
See Exercise 2.
2. Spelling rules for adding s in the third person singular
Some verbs change their spelling when s is added in the third person singular.
2a. Verbs ending in y
The English letters a, e, i, o and u are generally referred to as vowels. The other English letters are generally referred to as consonants.
When a verb ends in y immediately preceded by a consonant, the y is changed to ie before the ending s is added. In each of the following examples, the consonant immediately preceding the final y is underlined.
| Bare Infinitive | Third Person Singular |
| study | studies |
| fly | flies |
| carry | carries |
However, when a verb ends in y immediately preceded by a vowel, the y is not changed before the ending s is added. In each of the following examples, the vowel immediately preceding the final y is underlined.
| Bare Infinitive | Third Person Singular |
| say | says |
| enjoy | enjoys |
| buy | buys |
See Exercise 3.
2b. Verbs ending in o
When a verb ends in o, the letter e is added before the s ending. For example:
| Bare Infinitive | Third Person Singular |
| do | does |
| echo | echoes |
| go | goes |
2c. Verbs ending in ch, s, sh, x or z
When a verb ends in a sibilant sound such as ch, s, sh, x or z, the letter e is added before the s ending. For example:
| Bare Infinitive | Third Person Singular |
| pass | passes |
| push | pushes |
| watch | watches |
| fix | fixes |
| buzz | buzzes |
See Exercise 4.
3. Pronunciation of the es ending
A syllable is a unit of pronunciation, usually consisting of a vowel sound which may or may not be accompanied by consonants.
When a verb ends in a sibilant sound such as ch, s, sh, x or z, the es ending of the third person singular is pronounced as a separate syllable. The reason for this is that these sounds are so similar to the sound of the es ending, that the ending must be pronounced as a separate syllable in order to be heard clearly.
In each of the following examples the bare infinitive consists of one syllable, whereas the form of the verb used in the third person singular consists of two syllables.
| Bare Infinitive | Third Person Singular |
| pass | passes |
| push | pushes |
| catch | catches |
| mix | mixes |
Similarly, when s is added to verbs ending in ce, ge, se or ze,
the final es is usually pronounced as a separate syllable. In each of
the following examples the bare infinitive consists of one syllable,
whereas the form of the verb used in the third person singular consists
of two syllables.
| Bare Infinitive | Third Person Singular |
| race | races |
| rage | rages |
| praise | praises |
| doze | dozes |
However, when s is added to a verb ending in e preceded by a letter other than c, g, s or z, the final es is not pronounced as a separate syllable. In each of the following examples, both the bare infinitive and the form of the verb used in the third person singular consist of one syllable.
| Bare Infinitive | Third Person Singular |
| make | makes |
| smile | smiles |
| dine | dines |
| save | saves |
See Exercise 5.
4. The auxiliary Do
With the exception of the verb to be, verbs in modern English use the auxiliary do to form questions and negative statements in the Simple Present.
The Simple Present of the verb to do is conjugated as follows:
| I do |
| you do |
| he does |
| she does |
| it does |
| we do |
| they do |
Auxiliaries are verbs which are combined with other verbs to form various tenses. It should be noted that when an auxiliary is combined with another verb, it is the auxiliary which must agree with the subject, while the form of the other verb remains invariable.
When the auxiliary do is combined with another verb, the other verb always has the form of the bare infinitive.
4a. Questions
In order to form a question in the Simple Present of any verb other than the verb to be, the Simple Present of the auxiliary do is added before the subject, and the bare infinitive of the verb is placed after the subject. For example:
| Affirmative Statement | Question |
| I work. | Do I work? |
| You work. | Do you work? |
| He works. | Does he work? |
| She works. | Does she work? |
| It works. | Does it work? |
| We work. | Do we work? |
| They work. | Do they work? |
See Exercise 6.
4b. Negative statements
In order to form a negative statement, the Simple Present of the auxiliary do followed by the word not is placed before the bare infinitive of the verb. For example:
| Affirmative Statement | Negative Statement |
| I work. | I do not work. |
| You work. | You do not work. |
| He works. | He does not work. |
| She works. | She does not work. |
| It works. | It does not work. |
| We work. | We do not work. |
| They work. | They do not work. |
See Exercise 7.
In spoken English, the following contractions are often used:
| Without contractions | With contractions |
| do not | don't |
| does not | doesn't |
4c. Negative questions
To form a negative question, the Simple Present of the auxiliary do is placed before the subject, and the word not followed by the bare infinitive is placed after the subject. However, when contractions are used, the contracted form of not follows immediately after the Simple Present of the auxiliary do. For example:
| Without contractions | With contractions |
| Do I not work? | Don't I work? |
| Do you not work? | Don't you work? |
| Does he not work? | Doesn't he work? |
| Does she not work? | Doesn't she work? |
| Does it not work? | Doesn't it work? |
| Do we not work? | Don't we work? |
| Do they not work? | Don't they work? |
See Exercise 8.
4d. Tag questions
The auxiliary do or does is used for a tag question which follows a statement containing the Simple Present of a verb other than the verb to be. In the following examples, the negative tag questions are underlined. Contractions are usually used in negative tag questions.
| Affirmative Statement | Affirmative Statement with Tag Question |
| I work. | I work, don't I? |
| You work. | You work, don't you? |
| He works. | He works, doesn't he? |
| She works. | She works, doesn't she? |
| It works. | It works, doesn't it? |
| We work. | We work, don't we? |
| They work. | They work, don't they? |
See Exercise 9.
4e. The verb To Have
It should be noted that, particularly in British English, in the case of the Simple Present and Simple Past of the verb to have, questions and negative statements are sometimes formed in the same way as for the verb to be, without the use of the auxiliary do.
e.g. He has a sister, hasn't he?
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